1. Celli BR, Cote CG, Marín JM, Casanova C, Montes DO, Méndez RA, et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1005-12.
2. Miravitlles M, Soler-Cataluña JJ, Calle M, Molina J, Almagro P, Quintano JA, et al. Spanish guideline for COPD (GesEPOC). Update 2014. Arch Bronconeumol. 2014;50(Suppl 1):1-16.
3. Miravitlles M, Murio C, Guerrero T, Gisbert R. Costs of chronic bronchitis and COPD. A 1-year follow-up study. Chest. 2003;123:784-91.
4. Sobradillo V, Miravitlles M, Gabriel R, Jiménez Ruiz CA, et al. Geographical variations in prevalence and under-diagnosis of COPD. Results of the IBERPOC multicentre epidemiological study. Chest. 2000;118: 981-89.
5. Álvarez-Sala JL, De Miguel Díez J. EPOC y comorbilidad: una visión global. Introducción. Arch Bronconeumol. 2009;45(Supl 4):1.
6. Huiart L, Ernst P, Suissa S. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in COPD. Chest. 2005;128:2640-6.
7. Almagro P, Calbo E, Ochoa de Echaguen A, Barreiro B, Quintana S, Heredia JL, et al. Mortality after hospitalization for COPD. Chest. 2002;121:1441-8.
8. Burrows B, Kettel LJ, Niden AH, Rabinowitz M, Diener CF. Patterns of cardiovascular dysfunction in chronic obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med. 1972; 286:912-8.
9. Chaouat A, Bugnet A, Kadaoui N, Schott R, Enache I, Ducolone A, et al. Severe pulmonary hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172:189-94.
10. Mannino DM, Thorn D, Swensen A, Holguin F. Prevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2008;32:962-9.
11. Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Smith CJ, Hubbard RB, Wedzicha JA. Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest. 2010;137:1091-7.
12. Burgess MI, Mogulkoc N, Bright-Thomas RJ, Bishop P, Egan JJ, et al. Comparison of echocardiographic markers of right ventricular function in determining prognosis in chronic pulmonary disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2002;15:633-9.
13. De Torres JP, Bastarrika G, Wisnivesky JP, Alcaide AB, Campo A, Seijo LM, et al. Assessing the relationship between lung cancer risk and emphysema detected on low-dose CT of the chest. Chest. 2007;132(6):1932-8.
14. De Torres JP, Marín JM, Casanova C, Cote C, Carrizo S, Córdoba-Lanús E, et al. Lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: incidence and predicting factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011; 184(8):913-9.
15. Divo M, Cote C, de Torres J, Casanova C, Marín J, Pinto-Plata V, et al.; BODE Collaborative Group. Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;186(2):155-61.
16. Müllerova H, Agusti A, Erqou S. Cardiovascular comorbidity in COPD. Chest. 2013;144(4):1163-78.
17. Ridker PM. Evaluating novel cardiovascular risk factors: can we better predict heart attacks? Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:933-7.
18. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, Lennon L, Thomson A, Appleby P, et al. Low-grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses. BMJ. 2000;321:199-204.
19. Ridker PM. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation. 2003;107:363-9.
20. Felker GM, Petersen JW, Mark DB. Natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis and management of heart failure. CMAJ. 2006;175:611-7.
21. Salpeter S, Ormiston T, Salpeter E. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004;125:2309-21.
22. Souverein PC, Berard A, Van Staa TP, Cooper C, Egberts ACG, Leufkens HGM, et al. Use of oral glucocorticoids and risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a population based case-control study. Heart. 2004;90:859-65.
23. McCord J, Borzak S. Multifocal atrial tachycardia. Chest. 1998;113:203-9.
24. Huerta C, Lanes SF, García Rodríguez LA. Respiratory medications and the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Epidemiology. 2005;16:360-6.
25. Weitzenblum E, Sautegeau A, Ehrhart M, Mammosser M, Pelletier A. Long-term oxygen therapy can reverse the progression of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;131:493-8.
26. Tillie-Leblond I, Marquette CH, Pérez T, Scherpereel A, Zanetti C, Tonnel AB, et al. Pulmonary embolism in patients with unexplained exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence and risk factors. Ann Intern Med. 2006; 144:390-6.
27. Barquero Romero J. Comorbilidad infecciosa en el paciente con EPOC. Rev Clin Esp. 2007;207(Supl. 1): 27-32.
28. Coronell C, Orozco-Levi M, Méndez R, Ramírez-Sarmiento A, Galdiz JB, Gea J. Relevance of assessing quadriceps endurance in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2004;24:129-36.
29. Diane M. Biskobing, MD. COPD and osteoporosis. Chest. 2002;121:609-20.
30. Mannino DM, Shorr AF, Doyle JJ, Stern LS, Dolgister M, Siegartel LR, et al. Prevalence of anemia in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3:A615.
31. Atlantis E, Fahey P, Cochrane B, Smith S. Bidirectional associations between clinically relevant depression or anxiety and COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2013:766-77.
32. Martínez Rivera C, Costán Galicia J, Alcázar Navarrete B, García-Polo C, et al. Factors associated with depression in COPD: a multicenter study. Lung. 2016;194: 335-43.
33. Celli BR, Thac Nee W, ATS/ERS Task Force. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD; a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:932-46.